Drilling In Mines

Drilling is an activity or activities to make the hole using the drill unit in which the hole will be used as a place of laying explosives. Drilling is very influential in determining the outcome of fragmentation to be generated.

Geometry Of The Drilling Include :

• Diameter Hole Shot

    Diameter of the bullet holes that are too small causing the resulting energy factor will be reduced so as not big enough to unload rocks will explode, if the diameter of the hole is too large, then shoot a hole shot is not enough to produce good fragmentation, especially on the rocks there is lots of stocky with distances at high densities. A small diameter bullet holes also provide fault or destruction of the better on the roof ladder. this corresponds to stemming, where a large fire pit then the length of stemming aka also greater due to avoid vibration and fly rock, whereas if you use a small bullet hole then the length of stemming can be reduced.

• Shot Hole Depth

Blasting In The Mining Process

Blasting activities at the mine is one of the activities that are deemed to have a high enough risk. But that does not mean those activities can not be controlled. Process control these activities can be started from the process of mixing explosives ingredients, the process of filling the holes with explosives into explosive, stringing process and firing process. 

In this case an important role is to control the firing process. in a blasting operation was preceded by drilling in the mining that aims to make the hole shot. Bullet hole itself will be filled by the explosive advance in the content of the material or sand, called the Sub-drilling blasting is not intended to make results happen toes or bumps on the floor of the mine that resulted in heavy equipment difficult to move when loading and transportation of blasting. 

After condition by a series of explosives such as TNT or ANFO is equipped with nonel, we then filled covering material called stemming function withstand pressure up to the energy produced by the explosive spread of direction and control every aspect of destroying rock beside him.

Thing to consider in the process of blasting the rock properties are important:

• Violence: Prisoners of a smooth surface to abrasion. 
• Violence is used to measure the technical properties of the rock material.
• Abrasiveness: Parameters that affect the wear (age) drill bit. Abrasiveness depending on the composition of rocks. Wear and tear on the drill bit is proportional to the composition of these rocks. The content of quartz in rocks is usually considered as a reliable guide to measure the wear of the drill bit (drill bit).
• Texture: grain structure of the rocks and can be classified based on the properties of porosity, density and grain size looseness. Texture also affects the speed of drilling.
• Structure: fractures, faults, schistosity and bedding areas of rock types, dip, strike.
• Breaking characteristic: describe the nature of the rock when hit with a hammer. Each rock type has a specific nature and degree of damage associated with the texture, mineral composition and structure

In a rock blasting operation will achieve optimum results when the equipment and the equipment used in accordance with the method of blasting is applied. And both of these can be divided into

Mining Design With Minescape

Minescape is mine modeling software designed specifically for the mining industry. Because it uses an open architecture, Minescape can accommodate all aspects of the management of technical information on the mine site, ranging from the data recording drill holes up to production scheduling.

The very foundation of the design features Minescape is an open and extensible. Minescape environment supports multiple products with a specific function which allows to interactively create and develop models of geology and mining plan in detail and three-dimensional (3D).  

Minescape designed for use by all professionals mines such as surveyors, geologists and mine engineers. Flexibility is owned by Minescape enable it to use in short-term mine planning and long term for coal and ore mines.Minescape has a display called the Graphical Task intuitive interface (GTI). GTI provides user interface is organized according to task so that your job will be easier, more efficient, and reduces training needs.  

Minescape using client / server architecture to take full advantage of networked computer environment. Minescape follow standards Motif ® to provide a consistent look and feel of these things will push the cost of training and operations through the use of more intuitive. Currently Minescape can be operated on UNIX and NT platforms.

Gold Treatment With Sulfuric Acid

Gold treatment with sulfuric acid is the process of dissolution of metals such as zinc, iron and other metal impurities using dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and of the acid treatment process will be easier to concentrate on the stage before the phase of purification of the melting process for making pure gold, because. metallic impurities such as zinc, iron and other impurities that are integrated with the content of gold ore has been dissolved by liquid sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The process of Acid Treatment on gold is very important to do before proceeding to the gold metal smelting process, due to deposition of the cementation process is carried out is still a lot of metal-containing zinc, iron and tin are also entrained. In the use of dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a blend of metal impurities will easily soluble by dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4), is a metal that has a positive electrode potential in electrochemical series is rather difficult to dissolve, because the greater the tendency to become ions, and vice versa. A metal with a more negative potential shifts the metal underneath any of the salt solution. Sulfuric acid (sulphuric acid) is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula H2SO4. The historical name of this acid is oil of vitriol. The sulfuric acid is a colorless to slightly yellow liquid which is clear or viscous and is soluble in water at all concentrations. It is a dibasic acid. The corrosiveness of it is mainly due to its strong acidic nature, strong dehydrating property and if concentrated strong oxidizing property.

SMELTING

Smelting is a form of extractive metallurgy; its main use is to the process of separating the metal from impurities by heating the concentrate to a high temperature to cause the metal to melt. Smelting the concentrate produces a metal or a high-grade metallic mixture along with a solid waste product called slag.

This includes iron extraction from iron ore, and copper extraction and other base metals from their ores. This usually involves the reduction of metal oxides (ore) to metal (reduction reaction are those which take electrons away from the elements, the reduction becomes the opposite of oxidation reactions), and the formation of non-metal oxide waste known as slag.

Smelting uses heat and a chemical reducing agent to change the oxidation state of the metal ore; the reducing agent is commonly a source of carbon such as coke, or in earlier times charcoal. The carbon or carbon monoxide derived from it removes oxygen from the ore to leave the metal. The carbon is thus oxidized in two stages, producing first carbon monoxide and then carbon dioxide.

And in the process of smelting, the ore minerals may be added by Chemical Fusing Metallic Minerals such as borax, backing soda, or with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) to mineral-borne heavy metals along with gold ore minerals can be separated. Fluxes are used in smelting for several purposes, chief among them catalyzing the desired reactions and chemically binding to unwanted impurities or reaction products. Calcium oxide, in the form of lime, was often used for this purpose, since it could react with the carbon dioxide sulfur dioxide produced during roasting and smelting to keep them out of the working environment.

  

HERE ARE A FEW COMPOSITIONS USED IN METAL SMELTING