After the stage of preliminary exploration is known that the existing reserves have a good prospect with a review of knowledge or more accurate data regarding the depth, thickness, slope, and the spread of reserves in 3-Dimensions (length-width-thick) as well as data on the strength of rock sampling, groundwater conditions, and the spread of the structure, width and slope mines then conducted an exploratory stage in detail or commonly referred to as the exploitation of an activity carried out either in a simple (manual) or mechanical, including excavation, parsing, loading and transportation of minerals. Several phases of mining activities in outline are:
1. Clearing (clearing)
2. Stripping the cover
3. Excavation of minerals (mining)
4. Loading
5. Transportation (hauling)
6. Shedding (waste dump)
Production cycles using the unit operating normally in two functions: breaking rocks and material handling. Solving rocks include a variety of mechanics, but for rock drilling and blasting is equipped with. Handling or transfer of materials, including loading and transportation material (horizontal transport), with the option "hoists". So the basic production cycle in the mine consists of operating units. production cycle includes aspects of drilling, blasting mineral materials, loading and transportation systems
If the production operations tend to separate and cyclical by nature, while the modern tendency is to eliminate mines or combine the functions of adding continuity. For example, soil can be dug with a digging tool without the need for drilling and blasting. If tilling (loosening) is required, the activities can be fitted without ripping blasting prior to loading.
The operating cycle on the open pit is distinguished mainly by scale equipment. In a modern open pit mine, such as a gunshot hole with a diameter of several inches done with rotary drilling machine or mashed for the placement of explosives if the hard rock to be excavated.
Rock Breakage
Rock Breakage is an activity release or liberation of mineral rocks of the parent rock mass. This can be done using a fire, high pressure water, pressure, and explosives. In general, there are two types of operations performed is shown breaking rocks in the mining industry, namely the penetration of rocks: drilling, cutting, boring, etc. And the operation of rock with rock fragmentation
The operating cycle on the open pit is distinguished mainly by scale equipment. In a modern open pit mine, such as a gunshot hole with a diameter of several inches done with rotary drilling machine or mashed for the placement of explosives if the hard rock to be excavated.
Rock Breakage
Rock Breakage is an activity release or liberation of mineral rocks of the parent rock mass. This can be done using a fire, high pressure water, pressure, and explosives. In general, there are two types of operations performed is shown breaking rocks in the mining industry, namely the penetration of rocks: drilling, cutting, boring, etc. And the operation of rock with rock fragmentation
drilling and rock penetration
Penetration By Drilling And Blasting Of Rock Fragmentation
* Drilling
Drilling can be done for a variety of purposes:
The placement of explosives; used as an example (a major sampling methods in exploration); in the development stage: draining, test the foundation and others, and in the exploitation phase for the placement of rock bolts & cables rocks (in coal drilling more made for mounting bolts rock - rather than bolting for detonation). While connected to the blasting, the largest use is as production drilling.
Operating Components Of The Drilling System
There are 4 major functional components. This function is associated with the use of energy by the system against the rock drilling in the following way:
- Drilling machines, energy sources are the main drivers, convert the energy of the primary forms (fluid, electrical, pnuematic, or drive the engine combustion) to mechanical energy for the functioning of the system.
- Drill rod (rod) that serves as the transmission of energy from the prime mover to the drill bit (bit).
- Drill bit (bit) is a system tool that mechanical energy is used in making the hole to penetrate the wall rock.
- The circulation of fluid to clean the borehole, to control dust, cool the drill bit and sometimes also as a stabilizer drill holes.
The first three components are the physical components that control the penetration process, while the fourth component is to support the penetration through the removal of cuttings. The mechanism of penetration, can be categorized into 2 groups, namely mechanical rotation and collisions (percussion) or a subsequent combination of both.
Factors that affect performance drilling:
Factors that affect performance drilling:
1. Variable operation, affecting all four components of the drilling system (drill, rod, bits and fluid). Variables can be controlled in general and includes two categories of factors drilling forces:
(a) The drilling effort, energy bursts and frequency, rotational speed, thrust and drill stem design and
(b) the properties of the fluid and the flow rate.
(b) the properties of the fluid and the flow rate.
2. Factors drill holes include: size, length, inclination of the drill hole; depending on the requirements from the outside, so it is a free variable. Drill holes in open mining in general 15-45 cm (6-18 inches). In comparison, for the underground mine from 4 to 17.5
cm (1.5 to 7 ins.).
cm (1.5 to 7 ins.).
3. Factors rocks, which consist of independent factors: the properties of rocks, geological conditions, the state of stress acting on the drill holes are often cited as factors that determine drilling drillability strength of rock (rock strength to resist the penetration) and the limiting performance drilling.
4. Service factors, which consists of labor and supervision, availability of labor, workplace, weather, etc., is also an independent factor.
Performance Parameters (Performance)
To select and evaluate the optimal drilling system, there are four parameters that must be measured or estimated, namely:
1. Process energy and power consumption (power)
2. The rate of penetration
3. Older use of bits (age)
4. Costs (cost of ownership + operating costs)
To select and evaluate the optimal drilling system, there are four parameters that must be measured or estimated, namely:
1. Process energy and power consumption (power)
2. The rate of penetration
3. Older use of bits (age)
4. Costs (cost of ownership + operating costs)
Selection Of A Tool Drill
Selection of a means of production must be through a procedure that has been well defined. This is a real engineering design problems (true engineering design) which requires a consideration of price. The steps are as follows:
Selection of a means of production must be through a procedure that has been well defined. This is a real engineering design problems (true engineering design) which requires a consideration of price. The steps are as follows:
1. A determination and specify the conditions under which the drill will be used, such as factors related to work (labor, location, weather, etc.) by safety considerations.
2. Setting goals for solving the phase of the rock cycle production operations into tonnages, fragmentation, throw, vibration and other (considering the loading and transportation constraints, slope stability, crusher capacity, production quotas, pit geometry,
etc.).
2. Setting goals for solving the phase of the rock cycle production operations into tonnages, fragmentation, throw, vibration and other (considering the loading and transportation constraints, slope stability, crusher capacity, production quotas, pit geometry,
etc.).
3. On the basis of the blasting requirements, designing the drill hole pattern (size and depth of the hole explosive, slope, burden and spacing).
4. Determining factor for the type of rock drillability anticipated, identify methods of drilling are approaching feasibility.
4. Determining factor for the type of rock drillability anticipated, identify methods of drilling are approaching feasibility.
5. Specifying the operating variables for each system under observation, including: machine drill, drill rods, drill bits and fluid circulation.
6. Taking into account the parameters of performance, including availability, pricing and comparison. Observing the power source and select the specification. A major cost item is the drill bit, drill depreciation, labor, maintenance, energy and fluid. Age of bits and the cost is critical but difficult to be projected.
7. Selecting a drilling system that satisfies all the requirements of the overall costs low and pay attention to safety.
6. Taking into account the parameters of performance, including availability, pricing and comparison. Observing the power source and select the specification. A major cost item is the drill bit, drill depreciation, labor, maintenance, energy and fluid. Age of bits and the cost is critical but difficult to be projected.
7. Selecting a drilling system that satisfies all the requirements of the overall costs low and pay attention to safety.
* Blasting Of Rock Fragmentation
Blasting ( explosion ) is the solution activity of a material (rocks) using explosives or an explosion process. Some terms in the explosion:
1. Explosion of refraction (refraction shooting) is an explosion in the hole or shallow wells to cause vibration for how seismic refraction geophysical investigations.
2. Blasting blocks (block holing) is a secondary explosion to chunks of rock size reduction by making a small diameter hole and shoot a little filled with explosives
3. Blasting in the air (water shooting) is way cause seismic energy in the earth's surface by detonating explosives in the air
2. Blasting blocks (block holing) is a secondary explosion to chunks of rock size reduction by making a small diameter hole and shoot a little filled with explosives
3. Blasting in the air (water shooting) is way cause seismic energy in the earth's surface by detonating explosives in the air
4. Blasting off the turn (off-shift blasting) is Blasting is done outside working hours cultivation
5. Blasting holes in the (deep hole blasting) is a way ladder quarrying or mining blasting open using a deep shot holes adapted to high levels of
6. Blasting a ditch (ditch blasting) is the process of detonation in the manufacture of trench
7. Muffled blasting (cushion blasting) is a way to make blasting the air cavity between the explosives and explosive plugs or make a hole shot larger than the diameter lunkhead resulting in a relatively gentle vibration
5. Blasting holes in the (deep hole blasting) is a way ladder quarrying or mining blasting open using a deep shot holes adapted to high levels of
6. Blasting a ditch (ditch blasting) is the process of detonation in the manufacture of trench
7. Muffled blasting (cushion blasting) is a way to make blasting the air cavity between the explosives and explosive plugs or make a hole shot larger than the diameter lunkhead resulting in a relatively gentle vibration
In the rock penetration (drilling, cutting, etc.) in a drill hole is usually done by mechanical or hydraulic. The purpose of rock penetration, among other things:
(1) Placement of explosives or other purposes that require
small-sized hole
(2) Make a mine or tunnel openings (tunnel) final.
(3) Extracting mineral products fit the size and shape that allowed
(dimension stone).
(1) Placement of explosives or other purposes that require
small-sized hole
(2) Make a mine or tunnel openings (tunnel) final.
(3) Extracting mineral products fit the size and shape that allowed
(dimension stone).
Contrary to the penetration of the rock, rock fragmentation and aim to soften the load into fragments of a rock mass, conventionally with chemical energy, on detonation but mechanically coupled hydraulic and new applications of energy. Penetration of rock can be classified on several bases. Included in this hole size, mounting method, the type of power. The division / schemes to be used in this paper is based on the shape of the striking rock or other types of energy used to perform penetration. This classification is general in nature, can be applied to all types of mines and includes all forms of penetration.
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